- Numbers 21:21
וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל־סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ־הָאֱמֹרִי לֵאמֹר׃
Israel now sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,
Targum Onkelos
וּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל אִזְגַדִּין לְוָת סִיחוֹן מַלְכָּא אֱמוֹרָאָה לְמֵימַר׃
Yisroel sent emissaries to Sichon, King of the Emorite, saying.
- Numbers 21:22
אֶעְבְּרָה בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נִטֶּה בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם לֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר בְּדֶרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ עַד אֲשֶׁר־נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ׃
“Let me pass through your country. We will not turn off into fields or vineyards, and we will not drink water from wells. We will follow the king’s highway until we have crossed your territory.”
Targum Onkelos
אֶעְבַּר בְּאַרְעָךְ לָא נִסְטֵי בַּחֲקַל וּבִכְרַם לָא נִשְׁתֵּי מֵי גּוּב בְּאוֹרַח מַלְכָּא נֵיזֵיל עַד דְּנִעְבַּר תְּחוּמָךְ׃
“Let me pass through your land, we will not turn aside into the fields and vineyards, we will not drink well water; we will go by the King’s road until we have passed through your territory.”
- Numbers 21:23
וְלֹא־נָתַן סִיחֹן אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֶּאֱסֹף סִיחֹן אֶת־כׇּל־עַמּוֹ וַיֵּצֵא לִקְרַאת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַמִּדְבָּרָה וַיָּבֹא יָהְצָה וַיִּלָּחֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל׃
But Sihon would not let Israel pass through his territory. Sihon gathered all his troops and went out against Israel in the wilderness. He came to Jahaz and engaged Israel in battle.
Targum Onkelos
וְלָא שְׁבַק סִיחוֹן יָת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִעְבַּר בִּתְחוּמֵיהּ וּכְנַשׁ סִיחוֹן יָת כָּל עַמֵּיהּ וּנְפַק לְקַדָּמוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַדְבְּרָא וַאֲתָא לְיָהָץ וַאֲגִיחַ קְרָבָא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל׃
But Sichon did not allow Yisroel to pass through his territory; Sichon gathered all his people and went out against Yisroel to the wilderness; he came to Yohatz and attacked [waged war with] Yisroel.
- Numbers 21:24
וַיַּכֵּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְפִי־חָרֶב וַיִּירַשׁ אֶת־אַרְצוֹ מֵאַרְנֹן עַד־יַבֹּק עַד־בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן כִּי עַז גְּבוּל בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן׃
But Israel put them to the sword, and took possession of their land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as [Az] of the Ammonites, for Az marked the boundary of the Ammonites.
Targum Onkelos
וּמְחָהִי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְפִתְגָם דְּחָרֶב וִירֵית יָת אַרְעֵיהּ מֵאַרְנוֹנָא עַד יוּבְקָא עַד בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן אֲרֵי תַּקִּיף תְּחוּמָא דִּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן׃
Yisroel defeated him with the edge of the sword and took possession of his land; from Arnon to the Yabok, as far as Amon[’s border], because Amon’s border was impregnable.
- Numbers 21:25
וַיִּקַּח יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת כׇּל־הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכׇל־עָרֵי הָאֱמֹרִי בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן וּבְכׇל־בְּנֹתֶיהָ׃
Israel took all those towns. And Israel settled in all the towns of the Amorites, in Heshbon and all its dependencies.
Targum Onkelos
וּנְסֵיב יִשְׂרָאֵל יָת כָּל קִרְוַיָּא הָאִלֵּין וִיתֵיב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל קִרְוֵי אֱמוֹרָאָה בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן וּבְכָל כַּפְרָנַהָא׃
Yisroel took [captured] all these cities; Yisroel settled in all the cities of the Emorite, in Cheshbon and all its daughters [villages].
- Numbers 21:26
כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי הִוא וְהוּא נִלְחַם בְּמֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב הָרִאשׁוֹן וַיִּקַּח אֶת־כׇּל־אַרְצוֹ מִיָּדוֹ עַד־אַרְנֹן׃
Now Heshbon was the city of Sihon king of the Amorites, who had fought against a former king of Moab and taken all his land from him as far as the Arnon.
Targum Onkelos
אֲרֵי חֶשְׁבּוֹן קַרְתָּא דְּסִיחוֹן מַלְכָּא אֱמוֹרָאָה הִיא וְהוּא אֲגִיחַ קְרָבָא בְּמַלְכָּא דְּמוֹאָב קַדְמָאָה וּנְסֵיב יָת כָּל אַרְעֵיהּ מִנֵּיהּ עַד אַרְנוֹן׃
For Cheshbon was then a city of Sichon, King of the Emorites, and he had waged war against the first king of Moav, and took all his land from his hand, as far as Arnon.
- Numbers 21:27
עַל־כֵּן יֹאמְרוּ הַמֹּשְׁלִים בֹּאוּ חֶשְׁבּוֹן תִּבָּנֶה וְתִכּוֹנֵן עִיר סִיחוֹן׃
Therefore the bards would recite: “Come to Heshbon; firmly built And well founded is Sihon’s city.
Targum Onkelos
עַל כֵּן יֵימְרוּן מַתָּלַיָּא עוּלוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן תִּתְבְּנֵי וְתִשְׁתַּכְלַל קַרְתָּא דְּסִיחוֹן׃
Concerning this, the parable tellers say: “Come to Cheshbon, may it be built and established as the city of Sichon.
- Numbers 21:28
כִּי־אֵשׁ יָצְאָה מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן לֶהָבָה מִקִּרְיַת סִיחֹן אָכְלָה עָר מוֹאָב בַּעֲלֵי בָּמוֹת אַרְנֹן׃
For fire went forth from Heshbon, Flame from Sihon’s city, Consuming Ar of Moab, The lords of Bamoth by the Arnon.
Targum Onkelos
אֲרֵי קִדּוּם תַּקִּיף כְּאִישָׁא נְפַק מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן עָבְדֵי קְרָבָא כְּשַׁלְהָבִיתָא מִקַּרְתָּא דְּסִיחוֹן קַטִּילוּ עַמָּא דִּשְׁרוֹ בִּלְחָיַית מוֹאָב כּוּמְרַיָּא דְּפָלְחִין בֵּית דַּחְלַת רָמָתָא דְּאַרְנוֹן׃
For [an Easterly wind as strong as] a fire went forth from Cheshbon, [waged war as] a flame from Sichon’s capital; it consumed [killing the nation that dwelled in] Ar [Lechoyas], of Moav, [killing] the masters [priests who serve in the house of idol worship] of Arnon’s heights.
- Numbers 21:29
אוֹי־לְךָ מוֹאָב אָבַדְתָּ עַם־כְּמוֹשׁ נָתַן בָּנָיו פְּלֵיטִם וּבְנֹתָיו בַּשְּׁבִית לְמֶלֶךְ אֱמֹרִי סִיחוֹן׃
Woe to you, O Moab! You are undone, O people of Chemosh! His sons are rendered fugitive And his daughters captive By an Amorite king, Sihon.”
Targum Onkelos
וָי לְכוֹן מוֹאֲבָאֵי אֲבַדְתּוּן עַמָּא דְּפָלְחִין לִכְמוֹשׁ מְסַר בְּנוֹהִי צִירִין וּבְנָתֵיהּ בְּשִׁבְיָא לְמַלְכָּא אֱמוֹרָאָה סִיחוֹן׃
Woe to you, O Moav, you are destroyed, people of [who serve] Kemosh, he rendered your sons as refugees, and your daughters captives, of Sichon, King of Emori.
- Numbers 21:30
וַנִּירָם אָבַד חֶשְׁבּוֹן עַד־דִּיבֹן וַנַּשִּׁים עַד־נֹפַח אֲשֶׁרׄ עַד־מֵידְבָא׃
Yet we have cast them down utterly, Heshbon along with Dibon; We have wrought desolation at Nophah, Which is hard by Medeba.
Targum Onkelos
פְּסַקַת מַלְכוּ מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן עֲדָא שׁוּלְטָן מִדִּיבוֹן וְצַדִּיאוּ עַד נוֹפַח דִּסְמִיךְ עַל מֵידְבָא׃
Their kingdom was uprooted from Cheshbon as far as Divon [whose reign has ended]; we made them desolate as far as Nofach near Meidva.”
- Numbers 21:31
וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאֶרֶץ הָאֱמֹרִי׃
So Israel occupied the land of the Amorites.
Targum Onkelos
וִיתֵיב יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּאֲרַע אֱמוֹרָאָה׃
Yisroel settled in the land of the Emorite.
- Numbers 21:32
וַיִּשְׁלַח מֹשֶׁה לְרַגֵּל אֶת־יַעְזֵר וַיִּלְכְּדוּ בְּנֹתֶיהָ (ויירש) [וַיּוֹרֶשׁ] אֶת־הָאֱמֹרִי אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם׃
Then Moses sent to spy out Jazer, and they captured its dependencies and dispossessed the Amorites who were there.
Targum Onkelos
וּשְׁלַח מֹשֶׁה לְאַלָּלָא יָת יַעְזֵר וּכְבַשׁוּ כַּפְרָנַהָא וְתָרֵיךְ יָת אֱמוֹרָאָה דְּתַמָּן׃
Moshe sent [men] to spy on Ya’zer, and they captured its surrounding villages, and drove out the Emorites that were there.
- Numbers 21:33
וַיִּפְנוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ דֶּרֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן וַיֵּצֵא עוֹג מֶלֶךְ־הַבָּשָׁן לִקְרָאתָם הוּא וְכׇל־עַמּוֹ לַמִּלְחָמָה אֶדְרֶעִי׃
They marched on and went up the road to Bashan, and King Og of Bashan, with all his troops, came out to Edrei to engage them in battle.
Targum Onkelos
וְאִתְפְּנִיאוּ וּסְלִיקוּ לְאוֹרַח מַתְנַן וּנְפַק עוֹג מַלְכָּא דְּמַתְנַן לְקַדָּמוּתְהוֹן הוּא וְכָל עַמֵּיהּ לְאָגָחָא קְרָבָא לְאֶדְרֶעִי׃
They then turned and headed toward the Bashan [Masnon]; and Og, King of the Bashan [Masnon], came out against them he with all his people, to wage war at Edre’i.
- Numbers 21:34
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אַל־תִּירָא אֹתוֹ כִּי בְיָדְךָ נָתַתִּי אֹתוֹ וְאֶת־כׇּל־עַמּוֹ וְאֶת־אַרְצוֹ וְעָשִׂיתָ לּוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ לְסִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי אֲשֶׁר יוֹשֵׁב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן׃
But GOD said to Moses, “Do not fear him, for I give him and all his troops and his land into your hand. You shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites who dwelt in Heshbon.”
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲמַר יְיָ לְמֹשֶׁה לָא תִדְחַל מִנֵּיהּ אֲרֵי בִידָךְ מְסַרִית יָתֵיהּ וְיָת כָּל עַמֵּיהּ וְיָת אַרְעֵיהּ וְתַעֲבֵיד לֵיהּ כְּמָא דַּעֲבַדְתָּא לְסִיחוֹן מַלְכָּא אֱמוֹרָאָה דְּיָתֵיב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Do not be afraid of him, for into your hand I have delivered Ihim and all his people and territory; do to him as you have done to Sichon, King of the Emorite, who lives in Cheshbon.”
- Numbers 21:35
וַיַּכּוּ אֹתוֹ וְאֶת־בָּנָיו וְאֶת־כׇּל־עַמּוֹ עַד־בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר־לוֹ שָׂרִיד וַיִּירְשׁוּ אֶת־אַרְצוֹ׃
They defeated him and his sons and all his troops, until no remnant was left him; and they took possession of his country.
Targum Onkelos
וּמְחוֹ יָתֵיהּ וְיָת בְּנוֹהִי וְיָת כָּל עַמֵּיהּ עַד דְּלָא אִשְׁתְּאַר לֵיהּ מְשֵׁיזֵיב וִירִיתוּ יָת אַרְעֵיהּ׃
And they killed him (Og), his sons, and all his people, leaving no survivors; and they took possession of his land.
- Numbers 22:1
וַיִּסְעוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּעַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב מֵעֵבֶר לְיַרְדֵּן יְרֵחוֹ׃
The Israelites then marched on and encamped in the steppes of Moab, across the Jordan from Jericho.
Targum Onkelos
וּנְטַלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּשְׁרוֹ בְּמֵישְׁרַיָּא דְּמוֹאָב מֵעִבְרָא לְיַרְדְּנָא דִּירִיחוֹ׃
Bnei Yisroel traveled and camped in the western plains of Moav, across the Yardein from Yereicho.
- Numbers 22:2
וַיַּרְא בָּלָק בֶּן־צִפּוֹר אֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאֱמֹרִי׃
Balak son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites.
Targum Onkelos
וַחֲזָא בָלָק בַּר צִפּוֹר יָת כָּל דַּעֲבַד יִשְׂרָאֵל לֶאֱמוֹרָאָה׃
And Balak the son of Tzipor saw all that Yisroel had done to the Emorite.
- Numbers 22:3
וַיָּגׇר מוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי הָעָם מְאֹד כִּי רַב־הוּא וַיָּקׇץ מוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃
Moab was alarmed because that people was so numerous. Moab dreaded the Israelites,
Targum Onkelos
וּדְחֵיל מוֹאֲבָאָה מִן קֳדָם עַמָּא לַחְדָּא אֲרֵי סַגִּי הוּא וְעַקַת לְמוֹאֲבָאֵי מִן קֳדָם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃
And Moav became terrified of the people [of Israel] because of their great numbers, and so, Moav detested the Bnei Yisroel.
- Numbers 22:4
וַיֹּאמֶר מוֹאָב אֶל־זִקְנֵי מִדְיָן עַתָּה יְלַחֲכוּ הַקָּהָל אֶת־כׇּל־סְבִיבֹתֵינוּ כִּלְחֹךְ הַשּׁוֹר אֵת יֶרֶק הַשָּׂדֶה וּבָלָק בֶּן־צִפּוֹר מֶלֶךְ לְמוֹאָב בָּעֵת הַהִוא׃
and Moab said to the elders of Midian, “Now this horde will lick clean all that is about us as an ox licks up the grass of the field.” Balak son of Zippor, who was king of Moab at that time,
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲמַר מוֹאָב לְסָבֵי מִדְיָן כְּעַן יְשֵׁיצוֹן קְהָלָא יָת כָּל סַחְרָנַנָא כְּמָא דִּמְלָחֵיךְ תּוֹרָא יָת יָרוֹקָא דְּחַקְלָא וּבָלָק בַּר צִפּוֹר מַלְכָּא לְמוֹאָב בְּעִדָּנָא הַהוּא׃
Moav said to the elders of Midian, “Now this assembly will lick up [consume] everything around us, just as the ox laps up the herbs of the field.” Balak the son of Tzipor was King of Moav at that time.
- Numbers 22:5
וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים אֶל־בִּלְעָם בֶּן־בְּעֹר פְּתוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַנָּהָר אֶרֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּוֹ לִקְרֹא־לוֹ לֵאמֹר הִנֵּה עַם יָצָא מִמִּצְרַיִם הִנֵּה כִסָּה אֶת־עֵין הָאָרֶץ וְהוּא יֹשֵׁב מִמֻּלִי׃
sent messengers to Balaam son of Beor in Pethor, which is by the Euphrates, in the land of his kinsfolk, to invite him, saying, “There is a people that came out of Egypt; it hides the earth from view, and it is settled next to me.
Targum Onkelos
וּשְׁלַח אִזְגַּדִּין לְוָת בִּלְעָם בַּר בְּעוֹר לִפְתוֹר אֲרָם דְּעַל פְּרָת אֲרַע בְּנֵי עַמֵּיהּ לְמִקְרֵי לֵיהּ לְמֵימַר הָא עַמָּא נְפַק מִמִּצְרַיִם הָא חֲפָא יָת עֵין שִׁמְשָׁא דְּאַרְעָא וְהוּא שָׁרֵי מִלְּקִבְלִי׃
He sent emissaries to Bil’am the son of Beor, to Pesor—which is by the river [Peras], the land of his people—to call him, saying: “Behold, a nation came out of Egypt, behold they have covered [obscured the sunshine from] the face of the earth, and is located across from me.
- Numbers 22:6
וְעַתָּה לְכָה־נָּא אָרָה־לִּי אֶת־הָעָם הַזֶּה כִּי־עָצוּם הוּא מִמֶּנִּי אוּלַי אוּכַל נַכֶּה־בּוֹ וַאֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ מִן־הָאָרֶץ כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֵת אֲשֶׁר־תְּבָרֵךְ מְבֹרָךְ וַאֲשֶׁר תָּאֹר יוּאָר׃
Come then, put a curse upon this people for me, since they are too numerous for me; perhaps I can thus defeat them and drive them out of the land. For I know that whomever you bless is blessed indeed, and whomever you curse is cursed.”
Targum Onkelos
וּכְעַן אֵיתַא כְעַן לוּט לִי יָת עַמָּא הָדֵין אֲרֵי תַּקִּיף הוּא מִנִּי מָאִם אִכּוֹל לְאָגָחָא בֵיהּ קְרָב וַאֲתָרְכִנֵּיהּ מִן אַרְעָא אֲרֵי יָדַעְנָא יָת דִּתְבָּרֵיךְ מְבָרַךְ וְדִתְלוּט לִיט׃
And now, please come and curse this nation for me, for it is too mighty for me, perhaps it will enable us to strike at [wage war with] him, and banish them from the land; for I know, that whomever you bless is blessed, and whomever you curse is cursed.”
- Numbers 22:7
וַיֵּלְכוּ זִקְנֵי מוֹאָב וְזִקְנֵי מִדְיָן וּקְסָמִים בְּיָדָם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל־בִּלְעָם וַיְדַבְּרוּ אֵלָיו דִּבְרֵי בָלָק׃
The elders of Moab and the elders of Midian, versed in divination, set out. They came to Balaam and gave him Balak’s message.
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲזַלוּ סָבֵי מוֹאָב וְסָבֵי מִדְיָן וְקַסָמַיָּא בִּידֵיהוֹן וַאֲתוֹ לְוָת בִּלְעָם וּמַלִּילוּ עִמֵּיהּ פִּתְגָמֵי בָלָק׃
And the elders of Moav and Midian went with magic charms in their hands; they came to Bil’am and conveyed Balak's message to him.
- Numbers 22:8
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם לִינוּ פֹה הַלַּיְלָה וַהֲשִׁבֹתִי אֶתְכֶם דָּבָר כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֵלָי וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׂרֵי־מוֹאָב עִם־בִּלְעָם׃
He said to them, “Spend the night here, and I shall reply to you as GOD may instruct me.” So the Moabite dignitaries stayed with Balaam.
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲמַר לְהוֹן בִּיתוּ הָכָא בְּלֵילְיָא וַאֲתֵיב יָתְכוֹן פִּתְגָמָא כְּמָא דִּימַלֵּיל יְיָ עִמִּי וְאוֹרִיכוּ רַבְרְבֵי מוֹאָב עִם בִּלְעָם׃
He replied to them: “Spend this night here and then I will give you an answer according to what Adonoy tells me,’’ and the dignitaries of Moav remained with Bil’am.
- Numbers 22:9
וַיָּבֹא אֱלֹהִים אֶל־בִּלְעָם וַיֹּאמֶר מִי הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה עִמָּךְ׃
God came to Balaam and said, “What do these men want of you?”
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲתָא מֵימַר מִן קֳדָם יְיָ לְוָת בִּלְעָם וַאֲמַר מַן גּוּבְרַיָּא הָאִלֵּין דְּעִמָּךְ׃
God[’s word] appeared to [before] Bil’am and said, “Who are these men with you?”
- Numbers 22:10
וַיֹּאמֶר בִּלְעָם אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים בָּלָק בֶּן־צִפֹּר מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב שָׁלַח אֵלָי׃
Balaam said to God, “Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab, sent me this message:
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲמַר בִּלְעָם קֳדָם יְיָ בָּלָק בַּר צִפּוֹר מַלְכָּא דְּמוֹאָב שְׁלַח לְוָתִי׃
Bil’am replied to God: “Balak son of Tzipor, King of Moav, has sent them to me [saying]:
- Numbers 22:11
הִנֵּה הָעָם הַיֹּצֵא מִמִּצְרַיִם וַיְכַס אֶת־עֵין הָאָרֶץ עַתָּה לְכָה קָבָה־לִּי אֹתוֹ אוּלַי אוּכַל לְהִלָּחֶם בּוֹ וְגֵרַשְׁתִּיו׃
Here is a people that came out from Egypt and hides the earth from view. Come now and curse them for me; perhaps I can engage them in battle and drive them off.”
Targum Onkelos
הָא עַמָּא דִּנְפַק מִמִּצְרַיִם וַחֲפָא יָת עֵין שִׁמְשָׁא דְּאַרְעָא כְּעַן אֵיתַא לוּט לִי יָתֵיהּ מָאִם אִכּוֹל לְאָגָחָא בֵיהּ קְרָב וַאֲתָרְכִנֵּיהּ׃
‘Behold, the people that came out of Egypt has covered [obscured the sunshine from] the face of the earth; come now, and curse him for me so that I will be able to wage war against him, and banish him’.”
- Numbers 22:12
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־בִּלְעָם לֹא תֵלֵךְ עִמָּהֶם לֹא תָאֹר אֶת־הָעָם כִּי בָרוּךְ הוּא׃
But God said to Balaam, “Do not go with them. You must not curse that people, for they are blessed.”
Targum Onkelos
וַאֲמַר יְיָ לְבִלְעָם לָא תֵיזֵיל עִמְּהוֹן לָא תְלוּט יָת עַמָּא אֲרֵי בְרִיךְ הוּא׃
God said to Bil’am: “Do not go with them! You shall not curse the people, for they are blessed.”